Services 翻译第二集(services的翻译)

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原文地址： Basics基础Should you use a service or a thread?

A service is simply a component that can run in the background even when the user is not interacting with your application. Thus, you should create a service only if that is what you need.

If you need to perform work outside your main thread, but only while the user is interacting with your application, then you should probably instead create a new thread and not a service. For example, if you want to play some music, but only while your activity is running, you might create a thread inonCreate(), start running it inonStart(), then stop it in onStop(). Also consider using AsyncTask orHandlerThread, instead of the traditional Thread class. See theProcesses and Threading document for more information about threads.

Remember that if you do use a service, it still runs in your application's main thread by default, so you should still create a new thread within the service if it performs intensive or blocking operations.

To create a service, you must create a subclass of Service (or one of its existing subclasses). In your implementation, you need to override some callback methods that handle key aspects of the service lifecycle and provide a mechanism for components to bind to the service, if appropriate. The most important callback methods you should override are:

创建一个service，你必须创建一个Service的子类（或者创建一个已经存在的子类的子类）。在你的实现里，你需要重写一些回调方法，这些方法处理着service生命周期的关键环节，也提供一个机制方便组件绑定service。非常重要的一些回调方法你需要重写的是一下几个：

If a component starts the service by calling startService() (which results in a call to onStartCommand()), then the service remains running until it stops itself with stopSelf() or another component stops it by callingstopService().

如果一个组件调用 startService() 来启动这个service，那么系统会回调onStartCommand()方法，然后这个service保持运行直到它调用stopSelf() 停止自己，或者另一个组件调用stopService()来停止这个service。

If a component calls bindService() to create the service (and onStartCommand() is not called), then the service runs only as long as the component is bound to it. Once the service is unbound from all clients, the system destroys it.

如果一个组件调用 bindService()创建一个service（此时onStartCommand() 不会被调用），然后这个service生命周期和绑定它的组件的生命周期一样长。一旦这个service从所有的客户端解绑，系统就会销毁这个service。

The Android system will force-stop a service only when memory is low and it must recover system resources for the activity that has user focus. If the service is bound to an activity that has user focus, then it's less likely to be killed, and if the service is declared to run in the foreground (discussed later), then it will almost never be killed. Otherwise, if the service was started and is long-running, then the system will lower its position in the list of background tasks over time and the service will become highly susceptible to killing—if your service is started, then you must design it to gracefully handle restarts by the system. If the system kills your service, it restarts it as soon as resources become available again (though this also depends on the value you return fromonStartCommand(), as discussed later). For more information about when the system might destroy a service, see the Processes and Threading document.

Android系统仅仅只会在内存不足的时候强制停止一个service，并且回收资源用于用户聚焦的activity。如果这个service被绑定到了一个用户聚焦的activity，那么这个service最不可能被kill掉，如果这个service被声明运行在后台（稍后讨论），那么这个service几乎不会被kill。此外，如果这个service被启动并且一直长时间运行，那么系统将会降低它在超时后台任务列表中的位置，这个service将有很高的风险被kill掉--如果你的service被启动，你必须周全的设计service以便能够让系统重启。如果系统kill你的service，系统会快速重启这个service和资源变得可用一样快（尽管这样需要依赖于你从onStartCommand()返回的&#;，稍后讨论）。更多的信息关于系统可能销毁一个service，请看Processes and Threading文档。

In the following sections, you'll see how you can create each type of service and how to use it from other application components.

下面部分，你将看到怎么创建每种类型的service和怎么从其它应用的组件里使用它。

Like activities (and other components), you must declare all services in your application's manifest file.

像activities（和其它的组件），你必须在你的应用的manifest文件中声明所有的services。

To declare your service, add a <service> element as a child of the <application> element. For example:

声明你的service，添加<service> 标签元素作为<application> 标签元素的子标签。例如：

See the <service> element reference for more information about declaring your service in the manifest.

更多信息关于在manifest文件里声明你的service，请看<service> 标签元素参考文档。

There are other attributes you can include in the <service> element to define properties such as permissions required to start the service and the process in which the service should run. The android:name attribute is the only required attribute—it specifies the class name of the service. Once you publish your application, you should not change this name, because if you do, you risk breaking code due to dependence on explicit intents to start or bind the service (read the blog post, Things That Cannot Change).

还有其它的属性你能够包含在<service> 标签元素里，例如需要启动这个service的权限和这个service应该运行的进程。android:name 属性是唯一要求的属性--它指定了service的类名。一旦你发布你的应用，你不应该改变这个名字，因为如果你这样做，有打断代码的风险由于依赖显示intents去启动或绑定这个service（阅读博客， Things That Cannot Change）。

To ensure your app is secure, always use an explicit intent when starting or binding your Service and do not declare intent filters for the service. If it's critical that you allow for some amount of ambiguity as to which service starts, you can supply intent filters for your services and exclude the component name from the Intent, but you then must set the package for the intent with setPackage(), which provides sufficient disambiguation for the target service.

确保你的应用是安全的，总是使用显示intent当启动或绑定你的Service ，并且不要为你的service声明intent filters。如果你允许隐式启动service是至关重要的，你可以为你的services运用intent filters，并且从Intent里排除组件名，但是你必须使用setPackage()为你的intent设置包名，这样能够为你想启动的service消除歧义。

Additionally, you can ensure that your service is available to only your app by including the android:exportedattribute and setting it to "false". This effectively stops other apps from starting your service, even when using an explicit intent.

另外，你能确保你的service只对你自己的应用可用，通过设置android:exported属性并设置为"false"。这样能有效的阻止其它应用启动你的service，甚至当使用一个显示intent的时候。

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